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The modern history of Singapore began in 1819 when Englishman Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles established a British port on the island. When the war ended, Singapore reverted to British control, with increasing levels of self-government being granted, culminating in Singapore's merger with the Federation of Malaya to form Malaysia in 1963. However, social unrest and disputes between Singapore's ruling People's Action Party and Malaysia's Alliance Party resulted in Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia. Facing severe unemployment and a housing crisis, Singapore embarked on a modernisation programme that focused on establishing a manufacturing industry, developing large public housing estates and investing heavily on public education. The earliest written record of Singapore occurs in a Chinese account from the third century, describing the island of Pu Luo Chung ( ). Singapore became an important trading port of the Malacca Sultanate and later the Sultanate of Johor.
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